日本語の自動詞と他動詞とは何ですか。
In Japanese, verbs can be categorized into two types based on their usage: intransitive verbs (自動詞, jidōshi) and transitive verbs (他動詞, tadōshi). Here’s an explanation in English, along with examples:
Intransitive Verbs (自動詞, jidōshi)
Intransitive verbs describe actions or events that occur without a direct object. The focus is on the subject itself, and there is no external force or agent acting upon something else. These verbs often describe natural changes, movements, or states.
Example Sentences:
- ドアが開く。 (Doa ga aku.)
- “The door opens.”
- Here, the door opens by itself, and no one is actively opening it.
- 電気が消える。 (Denki ga kieru.)
- “The light goes off.”
- The light turns off on its own, without someone turning it off.
Transitive Verbs (他動詞, tadōshi)
Transitive verbs describe actions where the subject acts upon a direct object. There is an external force or agent causing something to happen.
Example Sentences:
- ドアを開ける。 (Doa o akeru.)
- “I open the door.”
- Here, someone is actively opening the door.
- 電気を消す。 (Denki o kesu.)
- “I turn off the light.”
- Someone is actively turning off the light.
Key Differences:
- Intransitive verbs focus on the subject and do not require a direct object. They often describe natural or spontaneous actions.
- Transitive verbs require a direct object and indicate that someone or something is causing the action.
Common Verb Pairs:
Here are some common intransitive and transitive verb pairs in Japanese:
| Intransitive Verb (自動詞) | Transitive Verb (他動詞) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 開く (aku) | 開ける (akeru) | “open” |
| 閉まる (shimaru) | 閉める (shimeru) | “close” |
| 消える (kieru) | 消す (kesu) | “turn off/disappear” |
| 壊れる (kowareru) | 壊す (kowasu) | “break” |
| つく (tsuku) | つける (tsukeru) | “turn on” |
Practice Sentences:
- Intransitive: 窓が閉まる。 (Mado ga shimaru.)
- “The window closes.”
- Transitive: 窓を閉める。 (Mado o shimeru.)
- “I close the window.”
By understanding the difference between intransitive and transitive verbs, students can better express actions and their causes in Japanese.
