The Complete Guide to “Kureru” vs. “Ageru” in Japanese

The Complete Guide to “Kureru” vs. “Ageru” in Japanese
Introduction
The giving/receiving verbs “kureru” (くれる) and “ageru” (あげる) are essential yet challenging parts of Japanese grammar. This guide will clearly explain their differences with practical examples.
Core Meanings
❶ “Kureru” (くれる)
→ Used when the speaker (or speaker’s in-group) receives a benefit
Example:
“Kare ga watashi ni benkyou o oshiete kureta”
(He taught me studying → I received the benefit)
Key Points:
- The receiver must be “me” or “my family/close friends”
- Implies gratitude from the speaker
- Use “kudasaru” for superiors (honorific form)
❷ “Ageru” (あげる)
→ Used when the speaker (or in-group) gives a benefit to others
Example:
“Kare ga kanojo no imouto ni benkyou o oshiete ageta”
(He taught his little sister studying → she received the benefit)
Key Points:
- The receiver is “someone else”
- Implies kindness from the giver
- Use “sashiageru” for superiors (humble form)
Usage Rules
① Perspective Matters
- “Kureru”: Speaker’s perspective (I receive)
- “Ageru”: Giver’s perspective (others receive)
② Relationship Chart
Expression | Receiver | Example |
---|---|---|
Kureru | Me/my group | “Sensei ga watashi ni advice o kureta” |
Ageru | Others | “Watashi wa tomodachi ni present o ageta” |
③ Only for Positive Actions
× “Kare wa watashi ni violence o kureta”
(Only used for positive actions)
Advanced Patterns
1. Family Context
“Haha ga otouto ni okashi o kureta”
(Treat family as “my group”)
2. Third-Party Context
“Tanaka-san wa Sato-san ni hana o ageta souda”
(Actions between unrelated parties)
3. Honorific Forms
- Respectful “kureru” → “kudasaru”
“Shachou ga shiryou o kudasaimashita” - Humble “ageru” → “sashiageru”
“Watashi wa shachou ni houkokusho o sashiagemashita”
Common Mistakes
❌ “Watashi wa kare ni hon o kureta”
→ Correct: “Kare ga watashi ni hon o kureta”
(“Kureru” always has others as subject)
❌ “Sensei ga gakusei ni setsumei o ageta”
→ Correct: “Sensei ga gakusei ni setsumei o shite ageta”
(“Ageru” needs verb connection)
Summary Table
Expression | Direction | Emotion | Proper Usage |
---|---|---|---|
Kureru | Others → Me | Gratitude | When I/my group receives |
Ageru | Me → Others | Kindness | When others receive |
Practice Questions
- “Ane ga watashi ni sweater o _” (kureru/ageru)
- “Watashi wa sobo ni tegami o _” (kureru/ageru)
- “Buchou ga torihikisaki ni setsumei o _” (kudasatta/sashiageta)
(Answers: 1. kureru 2. ageru 3. sashiageta)
Final Tips
- Remember the “direction” of the action
- “Kureru” shows thankfulness
- “Ageru” shows your generosity
- Practice with real-life scenarios!
日语中“くれる”与“あげる”的完全使用指南
前言
日语中的授受动词”くれる”和”あげる”是许多学习者容易混淆的语法点。本文将清晰解析这两个动词的区别及使用场景。
基本含义
❶ “くれる”的用法
→ 当说话者(或自己人)受益时使用
例句:
「彼が私に勉強を教えてくれた」
(他教我学习 → 我获得了帮助)
特点:
- 行为接受者必须是”我”或”我的家人/朋友”
- 包含感谢的情感
- 对上级用”くださる”(敬语)
❷ “あげる”的用法
→ 当说话者(或自己人)给予他人帮助时使用
例句:
「彼が彼の妹に勉強を教えてあげた」
(他教妹妹学习 → 妹妹获得了帮助)
特点:
- 行为接受者是”他人”
- 包含善意的情感
- 对上级用”さしあげる”(谦逊语)
使用区分要点
① 视角是关键
- “くれる”:说话者视角(我接受)
- “あげる”:行为者视角(他人接受)
② 人际关系对照表
表达 | 接受者 | 使用例 |
---|---|---|
くれる | 自己方 | 「老师给我建议」 |
あげる | 他人 | 「我给朋友礼物」 |
③ 仅用于积极行为
×「他给我施加暴力」
(只适用于正面行为)
进阶用法
1. 涉及家人的情况
「妈妈给弟弟点心」
(家人视为”自己人”)
2. 第三方之间的行为
「听说田中先生给佐藤小姐送了花」
(与说话者无关的第三方行为)
3. 敬语形式
- “くれる”的尊敬语 → “くださる”
「社长给了我资料」 - “あげる”的谦逊语 → “さしあげる”
「我向社长提交了报告书」
常见错误
❌「我给他书」误用”くれる”
→ 正确应为「他给我书」
(”くれる”的主语必须是他人)
❌「老师给学生讲解」误用”あげる”
→ 正确应为「老师给学生讲解」
(”あげる”需要与动词连接使用)
总结对照表
表达 | 方向性 | 情感 | 适用对象 |
---|---|---|---|
くれる | 他人→自己 | 感谢 | 自己方接受时 |
あげる | 自己→他人 | 善意 | 他人接受时 |
练习题
- 「姐姐给我毛衣」该用哪个词?
- 「我给奶奶写信」该用哪个词?
- 「部长向客户说明」该用哪个敬语形式?
(答案:1. くれる 2. あげる 3. さしあげた)
学习建议
- 牢记行为的”方向性”
- “くれる”表达感谢之情
- “あげる”表达善意之举
- 建议通过实际场景练习掌握!